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	<title>Centre de mystique chr&#233;tienne, spiritualit&#233; chr&#233;tienne - Rennes (35)</title>
	<link>http://www.cmchr.net/</link>
	<description>cours gratuits, formation, rencontres, mystique, christianisme, spiritualit&#233;, chr&#233;tien, cheminement spirituel, psycho-spirituel, d&#233;veloppement personnel, recherche int&#233;rieure, recherche spirituelle, pri&#232;re, oraison, Rennes</description>
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		<title>Centre de mystique chr&#233;tienne, spiritualit&#233; chr&#233;tienne - Rennes (35)</title>
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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Nous n'avons point d'autre exemple que le Christ</title>
		<link>http://www.cmchr.net/Nous-n-avons-point-d-autre-exemple.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.cmchr.net/Nous-n-avons-point-d-autre-exemple.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2013-05-09T19:26:39Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>cmchr</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;&#171; Nous n'avons point d'autre exemple que le Christ, nous ne sommes pas appel&#233;s &#224; faire autre chose que ce qu'Il a fait.... on devient son prolongement : une humanit&#233; de surcro&#238;t pour le Christ.... un prolongement de sa vie sur terre.&lt;br class=&#039;autobr&#039; /&gt;
Les gens en fait cherchent le Christ et on est sens&#233; &#234;tre : Sa Transparence ; Son reflet ; quelque chose de Lui ; donner Son Go&#251;t. &#187; [1] [2]&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="http://www.cmchr.net/-Ontologie-du-Centre-de-mystique-.html" rel="directory"&gt;Ontologie du Centre de mystique chr&#233;tienne&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#171; Nous n'avons point d'autre exemple que le Christ, nous ne sommes pas appel&#233;s &#224; faire autre chose que ce qu'Il a fait.... on devient son prolongement : une humanit&#233; de surcro&#238;t pour le Christ.... un prolongement de sa vie sur terre.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Les gens en fait cherchent le Christ et on est sens&#233; &#234;tre :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt; Sa Transparence ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Son reflet ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; quelque chose de Lui ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; donner Son Go&#251;t. &#187;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_note_ref&quot;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#039;#nb2-1&#039; class=&#039;spip_note&#039; rel=&#039;footnote&#039; title=&#039;propos tenu de l'int&#233;rieur de la Foi chr&#233;tienne.&#039; id=&#039;nh2-1&#039;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_note_ref&quot;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#039;#nb2-2&#039; class=&#039;spip_note&#039; rel=&#039;footnote&#039; title=&#039;communication de Jean Khoury.&#039; id=&#039;nh2-2&#039;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#039;nb2-1&#039;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_note_ref&quot;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#039;#nh2-1&#039; class=&#039;spip_note&#039; title=&#039;Notes 2-1&#039; rev=&#039;footnote&#039;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;propos tenu de l'int&#233;rieur de la Foi chr&#233;tienne.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#039;nb2-2&#039;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_note_ref&quot;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#039;#nh2-2&#039; class=&#039;spip_note&#039; title=&#039;Notes 2-2&#039; rev=&#039;footnote&#039;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;communication de &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cmchr.net/-Interviews-de-Jean-Khoury-.html&quot; class=&#039;spip_in&#039;&gt;Jean Khoury&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Le Credo</title>
		<link>http://www.cmchr.net/Le-Credo.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.cmchr.net/Le-Credo.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2013-05-09T18:55:06Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>cmchr</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Th&#233;r&#232;se d'Avila dit dans les 7&#232;mes Demeures que ce qui est cru dans le Credo est vu dans cette Demeure : c'est &#233;poustouflant de voir une telle affirmation !!! [1]&lt;br class=&#039;autobr&#039; /&gt;
Credo - Symbole des Ap&#244;tres&lt;br class=&#039;autobr&#039; /&gt;
Je crois en Dieu le P&#232;re tout-puissant, Cr&#233;ateur du ciel et de la Terre, Et en J&#233;sus Christ, son Fils unique, notre Seigneur qui a &#233;t&#233; con&#231;u du Saint Esprit, est n&#233; de la Vierge Marie, a souffert pour nous sous Ponce Pilate, a &#233;t&#233; crucifi&#233;, est mort et &#224; &#233;t&#233; enseveli, est descendu aux enfers, est ressuscit&#233; des morts (...)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="http://www.cmchr.net/-Le-Royaume-non-duel-.html" rel="directory"&gt;Le Royaume non-duel&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Th&#233;r&#232;se d'Avila dit dans les 7&#232;mes Demeures que ce qui est cru dans le Credo est vu dans cette Demeure : c'est &#233;poustouflant de voir une telle affirmation !!!&lt;span class=&quot;spip_note_ref&quot;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#039;#nb2-1&#039; class=&#039;spip_note&#039; rel=&#039;footnote&#039; title=&#039;communication de Jean Khoury.&#039; id=&#039;nh2-1&#039;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;textarea readonly=&#039;readonly&#039; cols=&#039;40&#039; rows=&#039;22&#039; class=&#039;spip_cadre&#039; dir=&#039;ltr&#039;&gt;Credo - Symbole des Ap&#244;tres Je crois en Dieu le P&#232;re tout-puissant,
Cr&#233;ateur du ciel et de la Terre,
Et en J&#233;sus Christ, son Fils unique, notre Seigneur
qui a &#233;t&#233; con&#231;u du Saint Esprit,
est n&#233; de la Vierge Marie,
a souffert pour nous sous Ponce Pilate,
a &#233;t&#233; crucifi&#233;, est mort et &#224; &#233;t&#233; enseveli,
est descendu aux enfers,
est ressuscit&#233; des morts le troisi&#232;me jour,
est mont&#233; aux Cieux,
est assis &#224; la droite de Dieu le P&#232;re, tout-puissant
d'o&#249; il viendra juger les vivants et les morts
Je crois en l'Esprit Saint,
&#224; la sainte Eglise Catholique,
&#224; la Communion des Saints,
&#224; la r&#233;mission des p&#233;ch&#233;s,
&#224; la r&#233;surrection de la chair,
et &#224; la Vie Eternelle. Amen&lt;/textarea&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#039;nb2-1&#039;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_note_ref&quot;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#039;#nh2-1&#039; class=&#039;spip_note&#039; title=&#039;Notes 2-1&#039; rev=&#039;footnote&#039;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;communication de &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cmchr.net/-Interviews-de-Jean-Khoury-.html&quot; class=&#039;spip_in&#039;&gt;Jean Khoury&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Gellish Ontology</title>
		<link>http://www.cmchr.net/Gellish-Ontology.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.cmchr.net/Gellish-Ontology.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2013-05-09T07:46:37Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>cmchr</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;The Gellish ontology is an example of a combination of an upper and a domain ontology.&lt;br class=&#039;autobr&#039; /&gt;
Gellish is a formal language that is natural language independent, although its concepts have 'names' and definitions in various natural languages. Any natural language variant, such as Gellish Formal English is a controlled natural language. Information and knowledge can be expressed in such a way that it is computer-interpretable, as well as system-independent and natural language independent. Each (...)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="http://www.cmchr.net/-Technologies-du-Projet-.html" rel="directory"&gt;Technologies du Projet&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Gellish ontology is an example of a combination of an upper and a domain ontology.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Gellish is a formal language that is natural language independent, although its concepts have 'names' and definitions in various natural languages. Any natural language variant, such as Gellish Formal English is a controlled natural language. Information and knowledge can be expressed in such a way that it is computer-interpretable, as well as system-independent and natural language independent. Each natural language variant is a structured subset of that natural language and is suitable for information modeling and knowledge representation in that particular language. This enables a software to automatically generate expressions that are created in one formal natural language into any other formal natural language.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Gellish Formal English (or 'Gellish English' for short) is the English variant of Gellish and is a formal language ('Formal English'), which means that it is a structured and formalized subset of natural English that is computer interpretable. Its definition includes a Formal English Dictionary-Taxonomy of concepts in which the concepts are arranged in a taxonomy hierarchy and is an ontology as far as required to define the language.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;From an information technology perspective Gellish Formal English is a standard nearly universal semantic data model that can be used for the modeling of individual things as well for knowledge representation. It is a data storage and data exchange language for the Semantic Web and can be used as a successor of electronic data interchange technologies. In principle, for every natural language there is a variant that is specific for that language. For example, Gellish Formal Dutch (Gellish Formeel Nederlands), Gellish Italian...&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Gellish English can be implemented as SQL database tables, as XML data stores, as collections of RDF triples, as Gellish English Dictionary-Taxonomy...&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The Gellish English Dictionary-Taxonomy is an example of an open-source &#8220;smart&#8221; electronic dictionary, which concepts are arranged in a subtype-supertype hierarchy, thus forming a taxonomy (Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gellish English is a powerful Open Source language and ontology for electronic data storage and data exchange in a neutral and system independent way. Since long data storage and data communication lack a common standard universal data model as well as a common data language for database users. Various solutions have been proposed. However, those solutions either have a limited scope and are mutually incompatible or are difficult to implement. This book&lt;span class=&quot;spip_note_ref&quot;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#039;#nb1&#039; class=&#039;spip_note&#039; rel=&#039;footnote&#039; title=&#039;&#171; Gellish : A generic Extensible Ontological Language &#187;.&#039; id=&#039;nh1&#039;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; presents an integral solution to this problem in the form of standard Gellish English and a knowledge base, written in Gellish, whereas it is relatively easy to implement.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;(d'apr&#232;s Wikipedia)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#039;nb1&#039;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_note_ref&quot;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#039;#nh1&#039; class=&#039;spip_note&#039; title=&#039;Notes 1&#039; rev=&#039;footnote&#039;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&#171; Gellish : A generic Extensible Ontological Language &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Critical Thinking</title>
		<link>http://www.cmchr.net/Critical-Thinking.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.cmchr.net/Critical-Thinking.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2013-05-08T14:50:38Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>cmchr</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Le terme critique d&#233;rive du terme grec kritik&#275; (&#954;&#961;&#953;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#942;), signifiant &#171; (l'art de) discerner &#187;, c'est-&#224;-dire le fait de discerner la valeur des personnes ou des choses.&lt;br class=&#039;autobr&#039; /&gt;
Dans le domaine philosophique, Kant utilise le terme pour d&#233;signer un examen de r&#233;flexion de la validit&#233; et les limites de la capacit&#233; de l'homme ou d'un ensemble de revendications philosophiques.&lt;br class=&#039;autobr&#039; /&gt;
En philosophie moderne, il d&#233;signe une enqu&#234;te syst&#233;matique sur les conditions et cons&#233;quences d'un concept, la th&#233;orie, la discipline, ou une (...)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="http://www.cmchr.net/-Rationale-du-Projet-.html" rel="directory"&gt;Rationale du Projet&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Le terme critique d&#233;rive du terme grec kritik&#275; (&#954;&#961;&#953;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#942;), signifiant &#171; (l'art de) discerner &#187;, c'est-&#224;-dire le fait de discerner la valeur des personnes ou des choses.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Dans le domaine philosophique, Kant utilise le terme pour d&#233;signer un examen de r&#233;flexion de la validit&#233; et les limites de la capacit&#233; de l'homme ou d'un ensemble de revendications philosophiques.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;En philosophie moderne, il d&#233;signe une enqu&#234;te syst&#233;matique sur les conditions et cons&#233;quences d'un concept, la th&#233;orie, la discipline, ou une approche et une tentative de comprendre ses limites et la validit&#233;. Un point de vue critique, en ce sens, est le contraire d'un dogmatique.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Les penseurs ult&#233;rieurs ont utilis&#233; le mot critique, dans une version plus large du sens kantien du mot, pour signifier l'enqu&#234;te syst&#233;matique sur les limites d'une doctrine ou un ensemble de concepts.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Critical thinking calls for the ability to :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt; Recognize problems, to find workable means for meeting those problems ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Understand the importance of prioritization and order of precedence in problem solving ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Gather and marshal pertinent (relevant) information ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Recognize unstated assumptions and values ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Comprehend and use language with accuracy, clarity, and discernment ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Interpret data, to appraise evidence and evaluate arguments ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Recognize the existence (or non-existence) of logical relationships between propositions ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Draw warranted conclusions and generalizations ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Put to test the conclusions and generalizations at which one arrives ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Reconstruct one's patterns of beliefs on the basis of wider experience ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Render accurate judgments about specific things and qualities in everyday life.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Irrespective of the sphere of thought, &quot;a well-cultivated critical thinker&quot; :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt; raises important questions and problems, formulating them clearly and precisely ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; gathers and assesses relevant information, using abstract ideas to interpret it effectively ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; comes to well-reasoned conclusions and solutions, testing them against relevant criteria and standards ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; thinks open-mindedly within alternative systems of thought, recognizing and assessing, as need be, their assumptions, implications, and practical consequences ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; communicates effectively with others in figuring out solutions to complex problems, without being unduly influenced by others' thinking on the topic.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La d&#233;construction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Le terme de d&#233;construction appara&#238;t chez Derrida pour la premi&#232;re fois dans De la grammatologie sans traduire explicitement des termes heideggeriens. Derrida expliqua qu'il souhaitait &#171; entre autres choses &#187; proposer une traduction pour les termes allemands de Destruktion et Abbau, que Heidegger emploie dans &#202;tre et Temps ; Derrida estime cette traduction plus pertinente que la traduction classique par destruction, dans la mesure o&#249; il ne s'agit pas tant, dans la d&#233;construction de la m&#233;taphysique, de la r&#233;duire au n&#233;ant, que de montrer comment elle s'est b&#226;tie.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#171; Tous les deux signifiaient dans ce contexte une op&#233;ration portant sur la structure ou l'architecture traditionnelle des concepts fondateurs de l'ontologie ou de la m&#233;taphysique occidentale. Mais en fran&#231;ais le terme &#171; destruction &#187; impliquait trop visiblement une annihilation, une r&#233;duction n&#233;gative plus proche de la &#171; d&#233;molition &#187; nietzsch&#233;enne, peut-&#234;tre, que de l'interpr&#233;tation heideggerienne ou du type de lecture que je proposais. Je l'ai donc &#233;cart&#233;. Je me rappelle avoir cherch&#233; si ce mot &#171; d&#233;construction &#187; (venu &#224; moi de fa&#231;on apparemment tr&#232;s spontan&#233;e) &#233;tait bien fran&#231;ais. &#187; &#8212; Derrida, Psych&#233;, p.338.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;La d&#233;construction se fait en fait, ici, sur les &#171; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cmchr.net/Narratives.html&quot; class=&#039;spip_in&#039;&gt;narratives&lt;/a&gt; &#187;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000;&quot;&gt;La d&#233;construction d'une ontologie peut critiquer la m&#233;thodologie de l'ontologie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;A methodology is usually a guideline system for solving a problem, with specific components such as phases, tasks, methods, techniques and tools. It can be defined also as follows :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ol class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt; &quot;the analysis of the principles of methods, rules, and postulates employed by a discipline&quot; ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &quot;the systematic study of methods that are, can be, or have been applied within a discipline&quot; ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; &quot;the study or description of methods&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#FF0000;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Imre Lakatos maintained that all (scientific) theories have a metaphysical &quot;hard core&quot; essential for the generation of hypotheses and theoretical assumptions. Thus, according to Lakatos, &quot;scientific changes are connected with vast cataclysmic metaphysical revolutions.&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;L'herm&#233;neutique&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;L'herm&#233;neutique (du grec hermeneutik&#232;, &#941;&#961;&#956;&#951;&#957;&#949;&#965;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#942; [&#964;&#941;&#967;&#957;&#951;], art d'interpr&#233;ter, &quot;hermeneuein&quot; signifie d'abord &#171; parler &#187;, &#171; s'exprimer &#187; et du nom du dieu grec Herm&#232;s, messager des dieux et interpr&#232;te de leurs ordres) est la th&#233;orie de la lecture, de l'explication et de l'interpr&#233;tation des textes.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;L'herm&#233;neutique philosophique contemporaine se con&#231;oit comme une th&#233;orie de l'interpr&#233;tation, et de la r&#233;ception de l'&#339;uvre (litt&#233;raire ou artistique). Elle questionne la textualit&#233; en elle-m&#234;me, et son rapport &#224; l'auteur (processus d'explication) et au lecteur (processus de compr&#233;hension).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;L'herm&#233;neutique philosophique cherche &#224; analyser ce qui se manifeste, ce qui se pr&#233;sente de soi dans l'&#339;uvre (perspective ph&#233;nom&#233;nologique). Elle pose donc de mani&#232;re originale le probl&#232;me de la repr&#233;sentation et de la ph&#233;nom&#233;nalisation, s'inspirant en cela des travaux novateurs de Husserl (lequel avait livr&#233; une th&#233;orie tr&#232;s &#233;labor&#233;e de l'imagination, notamment dans les Ideen I, &#224; d&#233;faut d'esth&#233;tique &#224; proprement parler).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Le langage de l'&#339;uvre repr&#233;sente pour les herm&#233;neutes le lieu o&#249; la v&#233;rit&#233; de l'&#202;tre se d&#233;ploie, au-del&#224; de la description scientifique des &#233;tants particuliers. L'herm&#233;neutique se fonde ainsi sur une nouvelle interrogation du verbe &#171; &#234;tre &#187;, &#224; la fois grammaticale, ontologique et esth&#233;tique, &#224; partir des importants travaux de Martin Heidegger dans &#202;tre et Temps (et dans ses &#339;uvres ult&#233;rieures, dont la tentation herm&#233;tiste sera critiqu&#233;e).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;L'herm&#233;neutique philosophique utilise comme paradigme majeur la po&#233;sie, notamment la po&#233;sie romantique, symboliste, surr&#233;aliste ou d'inspiration herm&#233;tiste, c'est-&#224;-dire la po&#233;sie qui ne se comprend pas &#224; la premi&#232;re lecture, mais qui n&#233;cessite un effort pour &#234;tre d&#233;crypt&#233;e. Les philosophes herm&#233;neutes analysent par exemple les textes et l'esprit de H&#246;lderlin, Mallarm&#233;, Val&#233;ry, Rilke, Artaud ou encore Ponge.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Le d&#233;construction (culturelle) des champs de pens&#233;e de l'Occident&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Enfin au 20&#232;me et au 21&#232;me si&#232;cles, les bases m&#234;me de notre pens&#233;e (dont la pens&#233;e philosophique) sont &#233;branl&#233;es par le contact avec les autres cultures, en particulier, la culture chinoise&lt;span class=&quot;spip_note_ref&quot;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#039;#nb1&#039; class=&#039;spip_note&#039; rel=&#039;footnote&#039; title=&#039;cf. Fran&#231;ois Jullien.&#039; id=&#039;nh1&#039;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;(d'apr&#232;s Wikipedia)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#039;nb1&#039;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_note_ref&quot;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#039;#nh1&#039; class=&#039;spip_note&#039; title=&#039;Notes 1&#039; rev=&#039;footnote&#039;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;cf. Fran&#231;ois Jullien.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Narratives</title>
		<link>http://www.cmchr.net/Narratives.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.cmchr.net/Narratives.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2013-05-08T14:17:37Z</dc:date>
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		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>cmchr</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Owen Flanagan of Duke University, a leading consciousness researcher, writes that &quot;Evidence strongly suggests that humans in all cultures come to cast their own identity in some sort of narrative form. We are inveterate storytellers.&quot;&lt;br class=&#039;autobr&#039; /&gt;
Stories are an important aspect of culture. Many works of art and most works of literature tell stories ; indeed, most of the humanities involve stories.&lt;br class=&#039;autobr&#039; /&gt;
Narratives lead to a structural analysis of narrative and an increasingly influential body of modern (...)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="http://www.cmchr.net/-Rationale-du-Projet-.html" rel="directory"&gt;Rationale du Projet&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Owen Flanagan of Duke University, a leading consciousness researcher, writes that &quot;Evidence strongly suggests that humans in all cultures come to cast their own identity in some sort of narrative form. We are inveterate storytellers.&quot;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Stories are an important aspect of culture. Many works of art and most works of literature tell stories ; indeed, most of the humanities involve stories.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Narratives lead to a structural analysis of narrative and an increasingly influential body of modern work that raises important epistemological questions :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt; What is text ?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; What is its role in the contextual culture ?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; How is it manifested as art, cinema, theatre, or literature ?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Why is narrative divided into different genres, such as poetry, short stories, and novels ?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Why are narratives put into literature ?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Th&#233;orie Int&#233;grale</title>
		<link>http://www.cmchr.net/Theorie-Integrale.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.cmchr.net/Theorie-Integrale.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2013-05-08T13:53:27Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>cmchr</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Integral is a term applied to a wide-ranging set of developments in philosophy, psychology, spirituality, and many other areas regarding a comprehensive synthesizing transdisciplinary framework or multidimensional perspective to a given field. The term is often combined with others such as approach, consciousness, culture, paradigm, philosophy, society, theory and worldview. Major themes of this range of philosophies and teachings include a synthesis of science and religion, evolutionary (...)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="http://www.cmchr.net/-Rationale-du-Projet-.html" rel="directory"&gt;Rationale du Projet&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#008000;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Integral is a term applied to a wide-ranging set of developments in philosophy, psychology, spirituality, and many other areas regarding a comprehensive synthesizing transdisciplinary framework or multidimensional perspective to a given field. The term is often combined with others such as approach, consciousness, culture, paradigm, philosophy, society, theory and worldview. Major themes of this range of philosophies and teachings include a synthesis of science and religion, evolutionary spirituality, and holistic programs of development for the body, mind, soul, and spirit. In some versions of integral spirituality, integration is seen to necessarily include the three domains of self, culture, and nature&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;La Th&#233;orie Int&#233;grale est un mod&#232;le d'id&#233;es qui s'applique m&#233;thodiquement afin de visualiser le monde de fa&#231;on holistique.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;L'homme peut acc&#233;der &#224; des &#233;tats de conscience naturels qui diff&#232;rent de l'&#233;tat de conscience habituel. Le d&#233;fenseur contemporain de la Th&#233;orie Int&#233;grale Ken Wilber, pense que des exp&#233;riences spirituelles et mystiques peuvent nous donner des connaissances en ce qui concerne la nature, afin de s'envelopper d'un savoir scientifique que l'on doit prendre en compte.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Gr&#226;ce &#224; des exercices comme la m&#233;ditation, nous sommes capables d'examiner les r&#233;sultats intersubjectivement. Cette m&#233;thode, qui consiste dans un premier temps &#224; se sensibiliser aux exp&#233;riences spirituelles v&#233;cues, peut &#234;tre pratiqu&#233;e de plusieurs fa&#231;ons et elle est accessible &#224; toutes les cultures.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Selon Ken Wilber, le devoir d'un th&#233;oricien int&#233;gral n'est point de d&#233;cider quelle th&#233;orie est juste, mais plut&#244;t d'expliciter dans quel contexte l'ensemble des id&#233;es pourraient s'av&#233;rer plausible. Toutes les th&#233;ories scientifiques, artistiques ou spirituelles seraient r&#233;ellement mises en pratique, ce qui nous am&#232;ne &#224; la question m&#234;me de la structure du cosmos, impliquant ce grand nombre de disciplines qui diff&#232;rent entre elles. C'est l'id&#233;e m&#234;me de l'architecture de l'univers.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Un autre aspect de la th&#233;orie int&#233;grale consiste &#224; donner un acc&#232;s &#224; la subjectivit&#233; humaine. Ainsi, l'Ego ou le Moi individuel ne repr&#233;sente pas le meilleur champ d'action, mais nous sommes capables de d&#233;passer notre Moi dans l'interaction humaine, afin de s'investir dans les pens&#233;es et sentiments d'autrui et cr&#233;er ainsi un r&#233;seau communicatif, devenir transpersonnel.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Cependant la signification du Moi reste le point de d&#233;part, comme base pour les propos spirituels, afin d'&#234;tre capable d'intervenir et de se dissoudre dans une unit&#233; universelle.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Le but est d'en arriver &#224; un nouveau paradigme qui n'exclut personne, avec lequel l'ensemble des activit&#233;s humaines seraient fluides et se r&#233;pondraient, pour cr&#233;er un &#233;quilibre naturel.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Integral Theory initially started as a theoretical transpersonal psychology that attempted to synthesize Western and non-Western understandings of consciousness with notions of biological, mental, and divine evolution.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Wilber has since distanced himself from transpersonal psychology and Integral Theory has turned into an emerging field of academic discourse and research focused on the complex interactions of ontology, epistemology, and methodology. However, there is ongoing discussion surrounding its standing in academia.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;(d'apr&#232;s Wikipedia)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Conscience</title>
		<link>http://www.cmchr.net/Conscience.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.cmchr.net/Conscience.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2013-05-08T13:15:41Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>cmchr</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Du point de vue de certaines philosophies et de la psychologie, la conscience est la facult&#233; mentale qui permet d'appr&#233;hender de fa&#231;on subjective les ph&#233;nom&#232;nes ext&#233;rieurs (par exemple, sous la forme de sensations) ou int&#233;rieurs (tels que ses &#233;tats &#233;motionnels) et plus g&#233;n&#233;ralement sa propre existence.&lt;br class=&#039;autobr&#039; /&gt;
Consciousness is the quality or state of being aware of an external object or something within oneself. It has been defined as : subjectivity, awareness, sentience, the ability to experience or to feel, (...)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="http://www.cmchr.net/-Rationale-du-Projet-.html" rel="directory"&gt;Rationale du Projet&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Du point de vue de certaines philosophies et de la psychologie, la conscience est la facult&#233; mentale qui permet d'appr&#233;hender de fa&#231;on subjective les ph&#233;nom&#232;nes ext&#233;rieurs (par exemple, sous la forme de sensations) ou int&#233;rieurs (tels que ses &#233;tats &#233;motionnels) et plus g&#233;n&#233;ralement sa propre existence.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Consciousness is the quality or state of being aware of an external object or something within oneself. It has been defined as : subjectivity, awareness, sentience, the ability to experience or to feel, wakefulness, having a sense of selfhood, and the executive control system of the mind. Despite the difficulty in definition, many philosophers believe that there is a broadly shared underlying intuition about what consciousness is.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gilbert Ryle argued that traditional understanding of consciousness depends on a Cartesian dualist outlook that improperly distinguishes between mind and body, or between mind and world : he proposed that we speak not of minds, bodies, and the world, but of individuals, or persons, acting in the world.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Introspectively, the world of conscious experience seems to have considerable structure.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Probl&#232;me difficile de la conscience&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;L'expression probl&#232;me difficile de la conscience (Hard problem of consciousness), invent&#233;e par David Chalmers, d&#233;signe le probl&#232;me de l'explication du fait que nous avons des exp&#233;riences ph&#233;nom&#233;nales qualitatives.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ce probl&#232;me s'oppose aux &#171; probl&#232;mes faciles &#187; relatifs aux explications de la capacit&#233; de discerner, d'assimiler des informations, de rendre compte d'&#233;tats mentaux, de l'attention, etc. Ces probl&#232;mes sont faciles, non parce qu'ils auraient re&#231;u des solutions d&#233;finitives et simples, mais parce que leurs solutions requi&#232;rent seulement de sp&#233;cifier des m&#233;canismes qui peuvent r&#233;aliser les diff&#233;rentes fonctions de la conscience.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Les probl&#232;mes difficiles s'en distinguent du fait qu'ils &#171; persistent m&#234;me quand toutes les fonctions en question sont expliqu&#233;es &#187;, c'est-&#224;-dire que personne, selon le constat de Ned Block, n'est parvenu &#224; en fournir la moindre explication.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Il existe plusieurs formulations du probl&#232;me difficile&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt; Pourquoi des processus physiques devraient-ils donner lieu &#224; une riche vie int&#233;rieure ?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Comment se fait-il que certains organismes sont des sujets de leurs exp&#233;riences ?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Pourquoi existe-t-il une conscience des informations sensibles ?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Pourquoi les qualia existent-ils ?&lt;ul class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt; exp&#233;riences perceptives ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; sensations corporelles (douleur, faim, plaisir, etc.) ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; passions et &#233;motions ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Pourquoi y a-t-il une dimension subjective de l'exp&#233;rience ?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Spiritual approaches&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;To most philosophers, the word &quot;consciousness&quot; connotes the relationship between the mind and the world. To writers on spiritual or religious topics, it frequently connotes the relationship between the mind and God.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The most thorough account of the spiritual approach may be Ken Wilber's book The Spectrum of Consciousness, a comparison of western and eastern ways of thinking about the mind. Wilber described consciousness as a spectrum with ordinary awareness at one end, and more profound types of awareness at higher levels.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ken Wilber&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Kenneth Earl Wilber Junior (n&#233; le 31 janvier 1949) est un &#233;crivain et spiritualiste am&#233;ricain. A peu pr&#232;s inconnue en France, son &#339;uvre couvre les domaines de la psychologie, de l'&#233;pist&#233;mologie, de l'histoire des id&#233;es, de la sociologie, de la mystique, de l'&#233;cologie et de l'&#233;volution. Elle a pour projet de formuler ce que Wilber d&#233;nomme une &#171; th&#233;orie int&#233;grale de la conscience &#187; et fait de son auteur un des chefs de file de ce qu'on appelle, dans les pays anglo-saxons, la &#171; th&#233;orie int&#233;grale &#187;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;D&#232;s son premier livre, The Spectrum of Consciousness (1977), Wilber a essay&#233; d'&#233;num&#233;rer et hi&#233;rarchiser les divers niveaux de conscience individuels, en int&#233;grant les donn&#233;es de la psychologie occidentale (stades de Jean Piaget, besoins de Abraham Maslow) et celles de la sagesse orientale (bouddhisme, hindouisme v&#233;danta).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Dans son quatorzi&#232;me livre, Une br&#232;ve histoire de tout (1996), il admet un spectre de neuf &quot;structures fondamentales de la conscience&quot;, neuf &quot;stades de d&#233;veloppement&quot;, allant du pr&#233;rationnel (inconscient) au transrationnel (superconscient) :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt; physico-sensoriel (stade pr&#233;rationnel) : (avant : l'organisme physique) &quot;la sensation et -* la perception&quot; ; de 0 &#224; 3 mois ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; fantasmatique-&#233;motionnel : &quot;les impulsions et les images&quot; ; de 1 &#224; 6 mois ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; mental-repr&#233;sentionnel : &quot;les symboles et les concepts&quot; ; de 6 mois &#224; 2 ans ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; mental r&#232;gle/r&#244;le : &quot;r&#232;gles concr&#232;tes&quot; ; de 6 &#224; 8 ans ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; formel-r&#233;flexif : pens&#233;e abstraite ; de 11 &#224; 15 ans ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; logique-visionnaire : pens&#233;e visuelle ; 21 ans ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; psychique (ici commencent &quot;les stades plus &#233;lev&#233;s ou transpersonnels&quot;) : &quot;mysticisme de la nature&quot; ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; subtil : &quot;mysticisme du divin&quot; ; 28 ans ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; causal : &quot;mysticisme sans forme&quot; (et apr&#232;s &quot;non duel&quot; : &quot;mysticisme non duel&quot;) ; 35 ans.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(d'apr&#232;s Wikipedia)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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		<title>Perspective et Cognition</title>
		<link>http://www.cmchr.net/Perspective-et-Cognition.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.cmchr.net/Perspective-et-Cognition.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2013-05-08T12:52:33Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>cmchr</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Perspective&lt;br class=&#039;autobr&#039; /&gt;
Perspective in theory of cognition is the choice of a context or a reference (or the result of this choice) from which to sense, categorize, measure or codify experience, cohesively forming a coherent belief, typically for comparing with another.&lt;br class=&#039;autobr&#039; /&gt;
One may further recognize a number of subtly distinctive meanings, close to those of paradigm, point of view, reality tunnel, umwelt, or weltanschauung.&lt;br class=&#039;autobr&#039; /&gt;
To choose a perspective is to choose a value system and, unavoidably, an (...)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="http://www.cmchr.net/-Rationale-du-Projet-.html" rel="directory"&gt;Rationale du Projet&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Perspective&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Perspective in theory of cognition is the choice of a context or a reference (or the result of this choice) from which to sense, categorize, measure or codify experience, cohesively forming a coherent belief, typically for comparing with another.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;One may further recognize a number of subtly distinctive meanings, close to those of paradigm, point of view, reality tunnel, umwelt, or weltanschauung.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;To choose a perspective is to choose a value system and, unavoidably, an associated belief system.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cognition&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In science, cognition is a group of mental processes that includes attention, memory, producing and understanding language, learning, reasoning, problem solving, and decision making. Various disciplines, such as psychology, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science all study cognition. However, the term's usage varies across disciplines ; for example, in psychology and cognitive science, &quot;cognition&quot; usually refers to an information processing view of an individual's psychological functions. It is also used in a branch of social psychology called social cognition to explain attitudes, attribution, and groups dynamics. In cognitive psychology and cognitive engineering, cognition is typically assumed to be information processing in a participant's or operator's mind or brain.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Cognition is a faculty for the processing of information, applying knowledge, and changing preferences. Cognition, or cognitive processes, can be natural or artificial, conscious or unconscious. These processes are analyzed from different perspectives within different contexts, notably in the fields of linguistics, anesthesia, neurology and psychiatry, psychology, philosophy, anthropology, systemics, and computer science.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Within psychology or philosophy, the concept of cognition is closely related to abstract concepts such as mind, intelligence. It encompasses the mental functions, mental processes (thoughts), and states of intelligent entities (humans, collaborative groups, human organizations, highly autonomous machines, and artificial intelligences).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;For years, sociologists and psychologists have conducted studies on cognitive &lt;strong&gt;development or the construction of human thought or mental processes&lt;/strong&gt; : Jean Piaget was one of the most important and influential people in the field of Developmental Psychology.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Cognition is largely determined by the embodiment in the human body.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Situated cognition is a theory that poses that knowing is inseparable from doing by arguing that all knowledge is situated in activity bound to social, cultural and physical contexts. Under this assumption, which requires an epistemological shift from empiricism, situativity theorists suggest a model of knowledge and learning that requires thinking on the fly rather than the storage and retrieval of conceptual knowledge.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mindset&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In decision theory and general systems theory, a mindset is a set of assumptions, methods, or notations held by one or more people or groups of people that is so established that it creates a powerful incentive within these people or groups to continue to adopt or accept prior behaviors, choices, or tools.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;On the positive side a mindset can also be seen as incident of a person's Weltanschauung or philosophy of life.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Intentionalit&#233;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Intentionality is defined as &quot;the power of minds to be about, to represent, or to stand for, things, properties and states of affairs.&quot;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;(d'apr&#232;s Wikipedia)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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		<title>Repr&#233;sentation du monde</title>
		<link>http://www.cmchr.net/Representation-du-monde.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.cmchr.net/Representation-du-monde.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2013-05-08T11:46:16Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>cmchr</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;La repr&#233;sentation du monde d&#233;signe l'image que l'&#234;tre humain se fait du monde.&lt;br class=&#039;autobr&#039; /&gt;
Chaque &#234;tre humain a ainsi sa propre repr&#233;sentation du monde (ou &#171; ontologie &#187;).&lt;br class=&#039;autobr&#039; /&gt;
La repr&#233;sentation du monde d&#233;coule en partie de l'explication que donne la cosmologie de la structure de l'univers : celle-ci a beaucoup chang&#233; au cours de l'Histoire.&lt;br class=&#039;autobr&#039; /&gt;
Weltanschauung est un terme allemand d&#233;signant la conception du monde de chacun selon sa sensibilit&#233; particuli&#232;re.&lt;br class=&#039;autobr&#039; /&gt;
Carl Gustav Jung &#233;voque la notion de Conception du monde dans (...)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="http://www.cmchr.net/-Rationale-du-Projet-.html" rel="directory"&gt;Rationale du Projet&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;La repr&#233;sentation du monde d&#233;signe l'image que l'&#234;tre humain se fait du monde.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Chaque &#234;tre humain a ainsi sa propre repr&#233;sentation du monde (ou &#171; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cmchr.net/Meta-ontologie.html&quot; class=&#039;spip_in&#039;&gt;ontologie&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &#187;).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;La repr&#233;sentation du monde d&#233;coule en partie de l'explication que donne la cosmologie de la structure de l'univers : celle-ci a beaucoup chang&#233; au cours de l'Histoire.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Weltanschauung est un terme allemand d&#233;signant la conception du monde de chacun selon sa sensibilit&#233; particuli&#232;re.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Carl Gustav Jung &#233;voque la notion de Conception du monde dans ses &#233;crits :&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#171; Avoir une conception du monde (Weltanschauung), c'est se former une image du monde et de soi-m&#234;me, savoir ce qu'est le monde, savoir ce que l'on est. &#187;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&#171; Toute conscience sup&#233;rieure appelle une Weltanschauung (une conception du monde). Toute conscience de raisons et d'intentions est d&#233;j&#224; Weltanschauung en germe. Tout accroissement de connaissance et d'exp&#233;rience est un pas de plus vers son d&#233;veloppement. Et en m&#234;me temps qu'il cr&#233;e une image du monde, l'homme qui pense se transforme lui-m&#234;me. &#187;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;A comprehensive world view (or worldview) is the fundamental cognitive orientation of an individual or society encompassing the entirety of the individual or society's knowledge and point-of-view, including natural philosophy ; fundamental, existential, and normative postulates ; or themes, values, emotions, and ethics. The term is a calque of the German word Weltanschauung, composed of Welt ('world') and Anschauung ('view' or 'outlook'). It is a concept fundamental to German philosophy and epistemology and refers to a wide world perception. Additionally, it refers to the framework of ideas and beliefs through which an individual, group or culture interprets the world and interacts with it.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;According to Apostel, a worldview is an &lt;strong&gt;ontology&lt;/strong&gt;, or a descriptive model of the world. It should comprise these six elements :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&quot;spip&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt; an explanation of the world ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; futurology, answering the question &quot;Where are we heading ?&quot; ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Values, answers to ethical questions : &quot;What should we do ?&quot; ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; a praxeology, or methodology, or theory of action : &quot;How should we attain our goals ?&quot; ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; an epistemology, or theory of knowledge : &quot;What is true and false ?&quot; ;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; an etiology. A constructed world-view should contain an account of its own &quot;building blocks,&quot; its origins and construction.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The philosophical importance of worldviews became increasingly clear during the 20th Century for a number of reasons, such as increasing contact between cultures.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The comparison of religious, philosophical or scientific worldviews is a delicate endeavor, because such worldviews start from different presuppositions and cognitive values.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The Christian thinker James W. Sire suggests that &quot;we should all think in terms of worldviews, that is, with a consciousness not only of our own way of thought but also that of other people, so that we can first understand and then genuinely communicate with others in our pluralistic society.&quot;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Different denominations of Christianity have varying worldviews. There are varieties of particulars within the Christian worldview, and disputes of the meaning of concepts in a Christian worldview. Certain thematic elements are common within the Christian worldview.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&#171; Ontology repair &#187;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clashes&lt;/strong&gt; among worldviews cannot be ended by a simple appeal to facts. Even if rival sides agree on the facts, people may disagree on conclusions because of their different premises or ascribe different meanings to the same events. Tribal or national wars are often the result of incompatible worldviews.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&#171; Ontology repair &#187; is a method for facilitating successful communication between agents with disparate ontologies, even where the mismatches between these ontologies may initially lead to communication failure.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;(d'apr&#232;s Wikipedia)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Intelligence Artificielle</title>
		<link>http://www.cmchr.net/Intelligence-Artificielle.html</link>
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		<dc:date>2013-05-08T11:16:53Z</dc:date>
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		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>cmchr</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;The central problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence (or &quot;strong AI&quot;) is still among the field's long term goals. Currently popular approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence and traditional symbolic AI. There are an enormous number of tools used in AI.&lt;br class=&#039;autobr&#039; /&gt;
Categorization&lt;br class=&#039;autobr&#039; /&gt;
Categorization is the process in which ideas and objects are (...)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="http://www.cmchr.net/-Technologies-du-Projet-.html" rel="directory"&gt;Technologies du Projet&lt;/a&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;The central problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence (or &quot;strong AI&quot;) is still among the field's long term goals. Currently popular approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence and traditional symbolic AI. There are an enormous number of tools used in AI.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Categorization&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Categorization is the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood. Categorization implies that objects are grouped into categories, usually for some specific purpose. Ideally, a category illuminates a relationship between the subjects and objects of knowledge. Categorization is fundamental in language, prediction, inference, decision making and in all kinds of environmental interaction. It is indicated that categorization plays a major role in computer programming.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Upper Ontology&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;A domain ontology (or domain-specific ontology) models a specific domain, which represents part of the world. Particular meanings of terms applied to that domain are provided by domain ontology. For example the word card has many different meanings. An ontology about the domain of poker would model the &quot;playing card&quot; meaning of the word, while an ontology about the domain of computer hardware would model the &quot;punched card&quot; and &quot;video card&quot; meanings.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;An upper ontology (or foundation ontology) is a model of the common objects that are generally applicable across a wide range of domain ontologies. It employs a core glossary that contains the terms and associated object descriptions as they are used in various relevant domain sets.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In information science, an upper ontology (also known as a top-level ontology or foundation ontology) is an ontology (in the sense used in information science) which describes very general concepts that are the same across all knowledge domains. An important function of an upper ontology is to support very broad semantic interoperability between a large number of ontologies which are accessible ranking &quot;under&quot; this upper ontology. As the rank metaphor suggests, it is usually a hierarchy of entities and associated rules (both theorems and regulations) that attempts to describe those general entities that do not belong to a specific problem domain.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;(d'apr&#232;s Wikipedia)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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